Nobody is claiming that failing to reconstruct morphology is an absolute bar to demonstrating a genetic relationship. Did he legitimately think that Proto-Potou-Akanic had triple vowels? Wiktionary among the proto-Slavic meanings of the wild part (dik-) lists wild animal, especially wild boar. Rather, its a Germanic *ruz or *raz aurochs, and ochs was added in German. Basal is simply not an objective term; it really means nothing more than farthest from the taxon of current interest. Using that many genes allows the detection of incomplete lineage sorting and simply adds more data. The people who brought agriculture to Europe were not from the Fertile Crescent, but from Anatolia before Anatolia got its admixture of Caucasian Hunter-Gatherer/Iranian Neolithic ancestry. And, as you rightly say, hes good at writing, unlike one or two perfectly capable linguists one can think of, who have everything except the gift of clear exposition. R.D. So perhaps its not so semantically odd after all. .] Blench: One intriguing issue that remains unresolved is the position of the Gurage languages of Ethiopia; these languages are so different from Ethiosemitic (i.e., Amharic, etc.) [Puhvel, Jaan. The second is a much more general problem, a major hiatus in theory among historical linguists everywhere and not just among Nilo-Saharianists. Are these techniques also applicable to cultural features other than language? ziehen < PG *teuha- has no well-known ModE cognate, (Verners law applies: ziehen, zog, gezogen; the Bavarian dialects have even generalized the |g|.). It therefore splits off the following groups as small families: South Omotic, Mao, Dizoid, GongaGimojan (North Omotic apart from the preceding), Ongota, Kujarge. (Agolle Kusaal has changed the sg class suffix: zi fish, plural zm, and Moor, the plural: zifu, plural zma: the f/i noun class is gradually eroding away ). concluded that if all we had was the contemporary varieties, wed know well enough that they were related, but would never be able to work out just how. WebThe Bantu language family is the most widely spoken language group in Africa. I didnt think it had ever not been accepted. And the apparent southward expansion of the Sahara prior to the African humid period provides a potential explanation for the relative unity of Niger-Congo, if thats accurate with perhaps a lucky group at the Bight pushing north and west into territory that had been uninhabitable. Trsor de la langue franaise informatis Omniglot (I must say that the fact that such papers have nevertheless been published in prestigious journals is itself a cause for concern. Much of it is free, too, apparently intended as a basis for discussion in a March international genetics conference that would have been held in Africa, but covid. However, just now looking at the actual Swadesh 100 list, I can only see four French loans offhand (and four Norse.) Hausa (the usual market language thereabouts) is completely unrelated and very different (but then you wouldnt really expect those dodgy merchant types to talk like us salt-of-the-earth farmers anyhow.). It seems, India is polyichthious, but I know too little about the region. My view (in contrast) is, for example, that the vast and diverse Volta-Congo family, extending from Cte dIvoire to South Africa and comprising languages as unalike as Kusaal, Yoruba and Zulu, is proven beyond all reasonable doubt (quite wonderful enough to be going on with, if you ask me); but that the evidence that Mande belongs to it is extremely weak; parts or all of Atlantic may turn out to to be related but the relationship (if so) is so distant that it may never be rigorously demonstrable. (link). But that will be GIGO. Moodie and Billingtons grammar also cites examples where a usually-feminine noun is made masculine to stress not that the referent is small but that there arent very many of them, and if men are drinking tea, they may make the tea glass masculine, whereas women make it feminine. But it clearly looks like were finally getting somewhere. My problem is not as much their recomendations as the experience of reading PDFs on their site (and downloading, which requires me to be logged it). But this should not be an issue now. Cf. He just likes to think of the Dogon languages as all part of the family (I like the idea myself, on that level. Gk. Of these he lists 9 most convincing (p.9, one paragraph in the center), adds 21 more (pp 9-10) and says that at least those are better than HadzaKhoi-San parallels. A Bad Guide (Actually there are huge areas where it isnt backward at all, like comparative Bantu; the Chadicists beaver away at the impossible task of reconstructing their vowel-free Proto-Chadic, the Berberists and the Songhay specialists* bow to no mere Indo-Europeanist, and I know of a good bit of high-quality work on comparative Nilotic. As seen earlier, several of the traits in the Mesoamerican linguistic area do have the same boundary, but in many other areas, the core areal traits do not have the same boundaries, offering no bundling and no clearly identifiable outer border of the linguistic area in question. My Spanish education was typical for an American (North): Spanish was basically the language of the commercial class of Mexico City. Carp can reach 100 pounds , catfish can surpass 600 pounds (the Mekong catfish), and the largest sturgeon weighed more than a ton and a half. Rabbit isnt exotic everywhere, I guess. (Apologies for brief comment because of internet limitations.). Thats not the part that astonished me, only the rest if it as far as I know, the common understanding is that Semitic spread into the Levant and Mesopotamia from the South. Recently I thought about -er. What methods? No, I cannot explain the Bantu languages being similar to Hebrew because they aren't similar to Hebrew. I speak Hebrew fluently and I have a degree But it cannot be fixed by tinkering with the mathematics, because this isnt the problem in the first place Of all these proposals, the most controversial is what may be called the Inter-Saharan Hypothesis. I would agree if pigs were bees, and I were bitten by one. As I said, the low-hanging fruit has been picked. Or maybe I thought about Omotic, It would probably give rise to all kind of unfortunate implications, to begin with, In Russian it is everything that fire adds to the air that is not smoke (but possibly including smoke). I wondered about loanwords complicating the issue (nouns being much more prone to borrowing than verbs, in general) but it so happens that Kusaal and Moba are on opposite sides of a major tonal isogloss within Oti-Volta which makes WOV loans in Moba pretty easy to spot (there actually are a good few. In current usage, as far as I can tell, Hamito-Semitic is what elderly European linguists use if they want to make a point of how Greenbergs contribution to the discipline was exaggerated, and Afroasiatic (with or without a hyphen) is what everyone else says. In general, I have to insist that areal linguistics, and contact linguistics more broadly, are or at least should be every bit as fundamental to historical linguistics as reconstruction and phylogeny. I see 26 root (N), 27 bark (N), 28 skin (N), 32 grease (F), 33 egg (N), 61 die (N deyja or dial OE dean), 62 kill (perhaps N kolla but could be OE *cyllan or cwellan), 70 give (N), 86 mountain (F), for only two French words but five clear Norse ones and two possibles. I tried to check earlier dictionaries. An alternative analysis is simply to say that people who speak these languages know the words katab, kutib, maktab, etc. 2. * Well, nearly; Moba seems to be showing signs of contamination by WOV over the past thirty years; agreement was rigorous in the 1990s, but is now only a feature of dependent adjectives and not of referring pronouns any more. There is an abundance of both contemporary tribal and ancient East African DNA now, most recently in a large study of Prendergast et al. preserve noticeable traces of Pre-Semitic and, in Mesopotamia, also of Pre-Sumerian substratum. Because why not. or is that just my imagination running away with me? Having followed the link to the South Arabian thread link, it struck me that unless he posts under a pseudonym, Trevor has to be one of the most influential lurkers in the hallowed history of bligging. Kordofanian is not a unity; Greenberg himself admitted that his evidence for lumping it into his Niger-Congo was nearly all typological. This extends even to systems that seem to be semantic in nature. R.A. Berman, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2001. (Hausa has borrowed two; Thai has borrowed one through ten.). General language development thus proceeds across different phases, from pregrammatical to structure-dependent to appropriate use. All I can find is to throw, e.g., Hebrew . Oh, well. The native word icne salmon in middle Irish Sanskrit has a vast and varied literature, the meaning of which is on the whole clear. Whatever the truth of that, tilting with Chabu and Kadu is his effort to take these issues head on, attacking the proposed isolates himself. I checked Rabin, their quoted source (Lexicostatistics and the internal divisions of Semitic, in Bynon and Bynons Hamito-Semitica, 1975, doi: 10.1515/9783111356167.85). Of course, as later slides point out, sound changes, morphology, syntax and so on contain phylogenetic signal, too, and can be used in such analyses; they just havent been as often. Are salmon a freshwater or a saltwater fish? Hadza people, Sandawe people, Twa people, Bangweulu Batwa, Great Lakes Twa, Kafwe Twa, Lukanga Twa, Nilo-Saharan, Kalenjin people, Maasai people, Samburu people, Bantu languages, Abagusii People, Kikuyu people, Luhya people, Bukusu, Afroasiatic, Iraqw people, Rendille people. Were deep in the era of phylogenomics, where not necessarily the whole genome (some of the junk is useless at best), but easily hundreds of genes are used, rRNA being just one of them (well, four, IIRC one for each of the two subunits mitochondrial and cytoplasmatic but the classic rRNA trees used just the large cytoplasmatic subunit, I think). I cant find my copy just now, but IIRC his Fulfulde examples are very heavy on mama/papa/ideophone type words, he analyses everything as CV roots, and he sets up a bewildering array of protolanguage initial consonants in order to make as many correspondences as possible look regular. Interesting footnote: There are a number of loans between Latin and Berber, including Berber gittus into Latin cattus, cat I doubt if thats as uncontroversial as he makes it sound. It is not the same as historical linguistics. Blench is talking nonsense there. Skinner A.M. 1975. TITUS: Thesaurus Indogermanischer Text- und Sprachmaterialien Since when arrival of Ethiopian Semitic from North-East (southern part of Arabian peninsula) became controversial? As if we had a reconstructable IE word for dhoti, True enough: the *pisk- word seems to be just Italic, Celtic and Germanic. He thinks (rightly) that past classification judgments have often been made on the basis of wholly inadequate data, and goes out and collects better data. Language References and Links i think that the size of fish of a given species varies with the size of the body of water. I wasnt looking hard enough. The considerable phonological simplification of the Mampruli-Dagbani subgroup looks tantalisingly like something due to substrates, but this is all sheer speculation, to be honest. It is a very basic animal. Semantically I suppose the ones who care about you would work. He regards Chadic and Omotic as the branches of Afroasiatic most remote from the others. Afroasiatic (Afro-Asiatic), also known as Afrasian or Hamito-Semitic, Semito-Hamitic, or Erythraean is a large language family of about 300 languages that are 1:11, 9:11) seems to mean prepared food for eating while traveling. Well, most of the land area where AA languages are spoken is rather better suited to pastoralism than to agriculture per se, and there is evidence for pastoralism at Nabta Playa (southern Egypt) by around 7500 BC, so a pastoral expansion doesnt seem like an unreasonable idea a priori. This doesnt make much sense to me. Ozwords (a blog from the Australian National Dictionary Centre) Umm el-Marra, Syria. Without worries over some arbitrary minimum number of defining traits, it is safe to say that some areas are more securely established because they contain many shared traits, whereas other areas may be more weakly defined because their languages share fewer areal traits. In contemporary Russian can also mean strange, weird, but I dont know how old that meaning is. Who is claiming this? The evidence presented in this paper seems to be mostly typological, which really means almost nothing in this context. (Overly phonetic features have occurred in other writing systems; Im thinking of kappa/qoppa in early Greek, or C/K/Q in early Latin.) Akten der IX. (Russian dictionary search) (Not a rhetorical question but I suspect that the answer may well be that nobody really knows. However, freshwater carp, sturgeon, and catfish are important food fishes in certain areas, lthough in the US theres a strong prejudice against carp because they destroy the habitat for sport fishes. We know that Neolithic technologies flowed into Egypt. How much less amateur cognacy judgments. l k to lick (Hebrew ). 195 0 obj <>stream Nothing gold can stay. Under this approach, the Macro-Sudan belt is genealogically highly heterogeneous. without analysing any arguments in detail. But we have a compound for porcupine, which in modern Russian folk-etymologizes as wildimage. On the one hand, hes very good at pointing out when the classification of individual languages doesnt stack up; on the other, he seems to take it for granted that there is no real half-way house between Greenbergs macrofamillies and a whole chaotic host of isolates. Im not sure that this is creative in the sense that you mean, but the vague-ish meanings associated with the various classes are often exploited for derivational purposes; given that the class suffixes are flexions, I suppose that technically this is a kind of null derivation, though the term doesnt seem very apt. In 2b, subjects did not substitute the future form of the verb with the present form (/v/, a -infiected form) as in 2a. hedgehog, Danish pindsvin, Norvegian piggsvin Faroese tindasvn, Icelandic broddgltur (hedge, pin, pike, tine, brod), West Frisian ychelbaarch hedgehog pig, Swedish, Icelandic igelkott, igulkttur (Wiktionary explains the first part as Old Norse sea urchin, but it is the germanic root for hedgehog. Roger, on the other hand, seems to think Nilo-Saharan is not only real but obviously real, in which case the observed similarities would be evidence for subgrouping. Still, it shows at the very least that hunter-gatherers are well able to spread single language families over a large area. Possibly written by his own ghost. Forms agent nouns from verbs. However, if borrowed SOV word order is counted as a single diffused areal trait, it may be argued that it should rank high in significance for defining the linguistic area, since it is much more difficult for a language to change so much of its basic structure under areal influence than it is to acquire less complex traits. The overall progression is thus much as Brown (1973) defined for English: from single words to early word combinations, thence to simple clause structure, followed by a range of devices for clause linkage. Appparently he didnt publish his full evidence.. Lameen, Im genuinely curious about an unpublished piece Blench posted on his website Saharan and Songhay form a branch of Nilo-Saharan Roger Blench and Lameen Souag draft from the Afrikanistentag Koln in 2012. The Flaxen Wave A nativist, Chomskyan-based view will specify these in terms of the formal principles characterizing a generative model of Universal Grammar (UG) with cross-linguistic variation accounted for by differential setting of structural parameters according to the target language. A long time ago, on a website far, far away, there was a page on archelology, with lolcat captions on archeology-related pictures.
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